Research Topic Proposal (Revised II)

INTRODUCTION/ PRODUCT DESCRIPTION:

This study focuses on the benefits of 3D rendering and animation, with 3ds Max, and modeling, with Rhino, through their application to an interactive wall/screen system. Currently the state of animation covers a range of different areas in the market, and it is not strictly centered on cartoons, “even the most realistic movies call on animations to simulate an ungettable shot or to make a moment just a smidge more perfect” (Brady, 2006). Conceptually the driving factors of this design are based on organic forms, more specifically radiolarian structures. Radiolaria, a marine protozoa, produce sets of intricate skeletal type structures that can be manipulated, stretching and pulling, which is what the design of the wall screen will be based upon. Through the application of animations to this design it will enable a clearer understanding of how the user can interact with the environment that the wall/screen is placed. The creation of an animated environment the user can also understand how the wall/screen is affected by varying conditions which include natural, such as lighting, and human, the different ways the user can be involved with the product. Changing lighting conditions dependent on times of day and year can be applied through the use of 3ds max with light studies, which can show the reflectiveness of materials, manipulation of shadows, and how the environment is altered. Moveable elements can also be shown to represent the different manipulations of the product within the space.

METHOD:

Tools and Techniques

The tools that will be used to create this wall/screen in an environment will be Rhino and 3Ds Max. There has been a significant amount of time invested into the self-learning of Rhino which will be beneficial to the modeling and manipulation of this design. The basis of this manipulation is founded on the fundamental structure of the radiolarian, a honeycomb pattern. Therefore the honeycomb structure will be created in Rhino and then stretched and twisted to create the form on which the design is built upon. After the modeling and manipulation is completed it will then be imported into 3Ds Max where an environment is created which will hold the structure. Materials and lighting can then be applied which will give the wall/screen system an in-site view of an installed finished product through renderings. Walkthrough animations will also be created to show how users can move through and around the system within the space, which can change the dynamics of the space itself.

Limitations and Constraints

There is the assumption that through introducing 3D animation to the design of a wall/screen system it will communicate user interaction, such as what the space will look like as the user walks through the space. But there are some possible constraints in implementation; these can include computing power, time to learn the software, and communicating how the user can interact through animation. In terms of computing power there may be a problem with the size of the file that is being loaded into the program. The larger and more complex the file size, the slower it will run, therefore there is the possibility that once rendering and animation is introduced, the file may be so large or complex it may have difficulty running properly. There is also an issue of time constrains in which to learn the software. In the time allotted, there is not a lot of time to do an in depth study to efficiently learn all of the capabilities of the software. Another issue with time is also the fact that learning the software is self guided, through tutorials found on Lynda.com and books on the subject. There will be a limited availability for help when troubleshooting problems that are encountered through the process. Lastly there are limitations in the software which can possibly keep the user from understanding their interaction with the product.

RESULTS/OUTCOME:

The results of this study will be a wall/screen system shown in different iterations through the alteration of the environment. Through the digital exploration of this system I will be able to understand the impact on the physical product through interactive studies. Animations will allow a walkthrough of an environment where the wall/screen is installed and how it can be affected by natural and human responses. Problems with the system an also be addressed based on how the installation is installed and designed, which will determine whether elements should be moved around or changed based on how I would like to manipulate the environment.

CONCLUSIONS:

Troubleshooting

Issues encountered in the initial design phases resulted in a few setbacks with learning 3Ds max. Importing models from Rhino was one of these issues encountered that caused some difficulty. Files imported into 3Ds Max from Rhino as 3dm files only import a wireframe model into Max, which does not allow the application of materials or rendering. I found that exporting in Rhino was the key to the problem. NURBS meshes must be created before the object is exported from Rhino. Once the creation of NURBS is selected and the polysurfaces to mesh are chosen you have the option to choose the amount of polygons to include in the mesh. Rhino then calculates the meshes and the polygons can be seen on the faces of the object. Then the object can be exported into 3Ds Max and surfaces can be seen for materials to be applied and renderings to appear.

Uses of 3D Media

The benefits of using 3D media to design, render and animate a found in the creation of these radioloria based structures through the manipulation of elements in the programs, the understanding of how these forms will alter the space within they are placed, and different variations that can be developed without the creation of a model.

REFERENCES:

Brady, M. (2006, March). Wired 14.03: How Digital Animation Conquered Hollywood. Wired. Retrieved February 7, 2011, from http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.03/animation.html

Week 7 Readings

McGarigle states: “Geographical information systems are important tools for defining the social and environmental contexts of urban design, planning, and architecture” (McGarigle, 2011, p. 1) GIS systems can be best explained as software that allows for geographical information to be linked based on a set of coordinates. Information can then be analyzed in 2D or 3D layers that are representative of different types of data such as demographics or crime statistics. In recent years the use of GIS has become a growing part of the way structures are being built. This type of software has enabled developers to see designs in surroundings therefore designers can understand the affects on cities. An example of how this is being applied to real projects can be seen in the Los Angeles’ environmental analysis for the Los Angeles International Airport. Demographic information was used to identify communities close to LAX that might be affected by noise from aircraft and construction. Noise contours were then overlaid on area maps to determine communities that would be directly impacted. “Throughout the design and construction process, the GIS-based context serves as a platform for collaboration among all project participants and provides source data that both informs and is shaped by them” (McGarigle, 2011, p. 6).

Gonchar article discusses how the adoption of BIM is becoming more appealing architects and builders through the discovery of the benefits of using this software. Since the technology of BIM is more advanced than that of CAD systems this technology is proving its ability to perform tasks that were difficult to achieve in CAD. Today there has been a rise in the use of BIM technology, but its use has yet to become widely used in the field; many firms are just waiting for the right opportunity (project) to use this type of technology. In one of the cases architect Miller Hull and contractor BN builders found that the design and construction of five libraries in Washington was the perfect time to implement BIM technology. Similar features used throughout these five different buildings enabled the builder and designer to work with a “kit-of-parts approach” (Gonchar, 2009, p. 2) where the similar parts could be transferred from one model to another. Another benefit of the use of BIM software was the identification of problematic issues with details which could be addressed before construction.

Minutillo notes that in the Middle East, where some of the most innovative structures in the world are built, architects are relying on simulation technology to determine feasibility of designs. Many simulation systems are discussed including cone designs that cool and support a structure, ventilation using FloVENT, airflow patterns, and moonlighting. Moonlighting I found to be the most interesting in the design of Saeed Crossing in Dubai Sheikh Rashid. This bridge that span Dubai Creek will consist of six lanes and an arch that will be considered the longest and tallest spanning arch in the world. Moonlight simulations are configured to determine how as the moon gets brighter so does the bridge. AWA later developed different lighting scenes to simulate the phases of the moons differing illuminations on five settings. Wadhwa clarifies: “Each setting has a different zone of light on it, so when we do the calculations and simulations, we have to do it for all five zones” (Minutillo, 2008, p. 4). Based on which phase of the moon is seen, different zones are turned on which show different illuminations of the bridge.

In McGarigle article discussing the relevance of GIS technology he references Brian McGrath stating: “It is in defining the social, historical, political, and environmental context of architecture that GIS has relevance to architecture” (McGarigle, 2011, p. 4). In terms of interior architecture this is important because with the building of a structure the effects on these contexts are taken into consideration, creating a more conscious structure, both environmentally and socially. In the Model Behavior article Wadhwa states” “Painting a pretty picture is one thing…Being able to deliver it is really what the simulation software is about” (Minutillo, 2008, p. 4). This suggests that the creations of real time simulated images are beneficial to the modeling and creation of structures so that users can see what conditions affect it.

In the future the movement to these types of systems is likely to become industry wide. In Diving into BIM it is stated: “…neither BNB nor Miller Hull has any interest in returning to traditional 2D CAD” (Gonchar, 2009, p. 4), after having the opportunity to use BIM software. I believe that this will become the norm when companies have the exposure to these types of systems.

Gonchar, J. (2009, December). Diving Into BIM. McGraw_Hill Construction: Continuing Education Center. Retrieved February 25, 2011, from http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=625

McGarigle, B. (2011). Mapping Places and Spaces. Architectural Record. Retrieved February 25, 2011, from http://archrecord.construction.com/features/digital/archives/0206feature-4.asp

Minutillo, J. (2008, December). Model Behavior: Anticipating Great Design n Center. McGraw_Hill Construction: Continuing Education Center. Retrieved February 25, 2011, from http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=471

Research Topic Proposal (Revised)

Introduction/ Project Description:

This study focuses on the benefits of 3D rendering and animation with the Autodesk software 3ds Max. Currently the state of animation covers a range of different areas in the market, and it is not strictly centered on cartoons, “even the most realistic movies call on animations to simulate an ungettable shot or to make a moment just a smidge more perfect” (Brady, 2006). By applying animations to my design it will enable a clearer understanding of how the user can interact with the product and the environment. With the creation of an animated environment the user can understand how an interactive product is affected by varying conditions which include natural, such as lighting, and human, the different ways the user can be involved with the product. The changing lighting conditions dependent on times of day and year can be applied through the use of 3ds max with light studies, which can show the reflectiveness of materials and manipulation of shadows that are created within a space. Moveable elements can also be shown to represent the different manipulations of the product.

Method:

There is the assumption that through introducing 3D animation to one of my designs it will communicate user interaction. But there are some possible constraints in implementation; these can include computing power, time to learn the software, and communicating how the user can interact through animation. In terms of computing power there may be a problem with the size of the file that is being loaded into the program. The larger and more complex the file size, the slower it will run, therefore there is the possibility that once rendering and animation is introduced, the file may be so large or complex it may have difficulty running properly. There is also an issue of time constrains in which to learn the software. In the time allotted, there is not a lot of time to do an in depth study to efficiently learn all of the capabilities of the software. Another issue with time is also the fact that learning the software is self guided, through tutorials found on Lynda.com and books on the subject. There will be a limited availability for help when troubleshooting problems that are encountered through the process. Lastly there are limitations in the software which can possibly keep the user from understanding their interaction with the product.

The tools that will be used to create and implement the design will include rendering and animation in 3ds Max and Rhino. The design will be modeled in Rhino and imported into 3ds Max for the rendering and animation.

Results/ Outcome:

The results of this study will be a fully interactive system that shows different iterations of configurations as controlled by the user or environment. With this digital exploration of my design I will be able to understand the impact on the physical product through interactive studies. Animations will allow a walkthrough of an environment where the design is installed and how it is affected by natural and human responses. Problems with the design an also be addressed based on how the installation is installed and designed, which will determine whether elements should be moved around or changed based on how I would like to manipulate the environment.

References:

Brady, M. (2006, March). Wired 14.03: How Digital Animation Conquered Hollywood. Wired. Retrieved February 7, 2011, from http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.03/animation.html

Animation Assignment

I chose to model a dresser for the animation process in 3Ds Max. Pictured here is the dresser that was modeled in Rhino and then imported into 3Ds Max for the rendering and animation. This being my first time using animation in 3Ds Max, I ran into a few issues understanding how to make the motions fluid and saving the animation file. Hopefully with some more work I will be able to get my animations to have more fluid motions.

Week 6 Readings

Spalter identifies that many of the devices that are described in this article, 3D Input and Output, are expensive and difficult to access. And although some artists have the ability to use these types of programs through art residence programs, adjusting to the institution is still an issue. But with advancements in the field these devices are eventually going to become easier to access and learn. In terms of different types of 3D devices Spalter discusses many options. 3D input which allows the user to see translations of gestures in motions within three dimensions. 3D mice and trackballs offer the artist six “degrees of freedoms” (Spalter, 1998, pg. 300) when moving an object but are not efficient because of the difficultly of holding objects still in your hand over long periods of time. Trackers are used to record positions by transmitting and receiving signals of ranges of motion. In the systems of tracking there are a few different options examples of these are puppets, which are moveable models and eye tracking, follow the view of the user. In the area covering output virtual reality is an important point. And finding yourself in the world of virtual reality can be achieved in a variety of ways, either by viewing devices that incorporated in a helmet or areas such as the CAVE environment that project the simulation on different walls.

In Spalter’s chapter on 2D and 3D animation and video common concepts within these areas are discussed. Linear interpolation is important when calculating “new positions at equal intervals along a straight line” (Spalter, 1998, pg. 328). This is an interesting aspect of animation since this is found in every type of computer graphics. This is also contributes to the appearance of an object such as its color, shape or transparency. But this does method does not create realistic animations where nonlinear interpolation, which uses curves to define motion, can. When breaking down the workings of an animation program the interface either uses cels or a timeline for controlling the animation process. There are also the aspects of the differences between the design and display spaces, the design space representing the 3D world and the display scene as the sequence of 2D images that represent, which are important in working and production spaces in a program.

Alan Joch’s article discuses the uses of 3D representations in the design of courtrooms and how it can enable design teams to find problems with costly issues that can arise after construction. The walkthroughs that are generated by PC do not allow for the full view of sight, you are only given a straightforward sightline. CAVE environments were then used in the process to set sightlines in a wraparound screen to reproduce a life-size virtual courtroom to help with the engineering. Not only does it give a life size view, but it also has the capability of rearranging elements within the space. These models are not only limited to the visual aspects of the space, but also the acoustics. A 3D sound model was also used to simulate speech which aided in the adjustments of sound absorbing materials.

I find that these authors are using 3D animation and Virtual Reality in the context of interior architecture in through their applications to real world environments. Through the use of these types of programs it enables the designer to interact with the environment or product that they are creating. Being able to be immersed within these virtual environments also helps deal with problematic areas, such as lines of sight in the courtroom seen in Joch’s article, or manipulating pieces of furniture around a space to achieve the best possible solution. Animations can benefit the area of product design through showing the different capabilities of pieces of furniture with moveable parts.

Although many of these machines that are discussed in theses selections are very expensive and difficult to access without special permissions, I believe that through learning and accessibility the use of these programs will become more main stream. In today’s animations it is evident that the possibility of artists being able to access these programs is becoming more attainable. With the advancements that are already being seen in animations such as Disney cartoons, I am sure that in the future the already life-like images that are generated by computers will get to a point were there will be no distinction between life and computer generated.

Anne Morgan, S. (1998). The Computer in the Visual Arts. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Professional.

Joch, A. (2011). Virtual reality and digital modeling go on trial for a federal courtroom design. Architectural Record. Retrieved February 21, 2011, from http://archrecord.construction.com/features/digital/archives/0501dignews-1.asp

Rendering Assignment

3ds Max

Rendering with different types of lighting came up with varying results due to lighting types and materials used. Here the scene was rendered with a spotlight which illuminated the sides of the knots directly on one side. This not only altered the way the scene was lit, but it also had a affect on the way the materials were viewed in the scene.

Here ambient light was used to illuminate the scene. Differing from the spotlight, the reflectance of the floor material is more noticeable with ambient lighting. The materials in the scene are also seen differently, the glossy texture that is applied to the blue knot is more noticeable and the metal material has a smoother finish where under spotlight the brush strokes in the metal can be seen.

Here overhead lighting was applied to the scene. I believe that this type of lighting was the most effective in showing the differences in the types of materials used. The translucency of the glass can be seen as well as the brush strokes in the metal material. Matte and glossy finishes can also be differentiated as seen in the matte silver finish and the glossy ceramic finish.


Lastly, day lighting was used which was the most ineffective in showing texture but effective in illuminating the scene without glare. The reflectiveness of the flooring is still visible but it is hard to tell what types of materials are applied to the surfaces, even the glass knot doesn't seem to appear to be glass.



Overall I am happy with the outcome of my first renderings with 3ds Max, with little effort scenes were rendered with an unbelievable output quality. With more experience and knowledge in this program I am sure the render quality will greatly improve. I am excited to see how this program does with its animation output!

CDI - Center for Design innovation

3dPrinter

Courtesy of: http://www.itg.uiuc.edu/printing/3D/

The Dimension SST 1200es (left) and BST 1200es (right) 3D printers from Dimension 3D Printing Group.
Courtesy of: http://www.deskeng.com/articles/aaaphf.htm

I found our trip to CDI very informative in providing information about 3D printing options for modeling. Their first printer was an example of the 3D printer that Spalter discussed in her section on printing. This printer uses an adhesive to bind powder layers into a desired object while also having the ability to color them with basic ink jet colored ink. Once the object is completed and removed from the printer it has a very grainy texture and is fragile to the touch. I found it interesting that the composition of the material gave it the texture of a bone, which they had a printed model example of. This proves that although most of the resulting printed models may not have the texture or smoothness that is desired for a particular model, at times the result is equivalent to the needs of the model. New technologies were also discussed where doctors are using CT scans of bones and printing them for use in surgical procedures which can quite possibly be the future for most procedures dealing with the skeletal structure.

The other printer at CDI was a fused deposition modeling (FDM) machine which is the same machine that we sent in our Extreme Redesign entries into be printed on. This machine creates its models through the creation of layers on a surface supported by a substance that surrounds the actual model. Once this model is completed it is placed in a bath that solidifies the support material, leaving only the model behind.

Both of theses printers take a significant amount of time to produce the final product, but once it is completed you have a model that can be used to investigate the actual form of the design. And although these printers only provide the printing of items on the small scale, it is beneficial for the study of the functionality of a design.

CDI is a place that encourages collaborative efforts in the field of design that caters to many students in the area. By providing presentations and podcasts of different information it provides a place for learning centered on the student or interested learner.

Week 5 Readings

Novitski’s information on Greenburg’s development of a system that works with a sketch pad type device that can be rotated in three dimensions is an important step in the development of design interface. This interface seems to focus on collaborative efforts in the fact that this system “enables two or more designers to work on the same sketch” (Novitski, 2000a) through the internet. Although the software is out of reach for many architects due to the price, there are other possibilities that are available that are based on the same concept for much less. Other developments by Greenburg like the light measurement lab provide advancements in photorealistic rendering capabilities. With the ability to have precision light simulations in renderings, interior spaces can be altered, such as the placement of a window, in order to improve the quality of the space.

In Novitski’s second article he points out the drawbacks of technologies that map textures onto a surface in a geometric model and animations that give 360 point views around a viewpoint. The shortcomings identified in each are being overcome through identifying the errors and refining the algorithms. In Cornell’s Department of Architecture design studios were given the project to develop projects for Indian Culture museum using computers. Although the students did not have much experience in CAD, Autodesk software was used to get physically accurate renderings. They were also encouraged to “blend traditional, manual media with their computer work whenever it is appropriate or more comfortable, such as initial idea sketches” (Novitski, 2000b). This idea of educating students in the most advanced technologies has proven beneficial because some of the programs graduates have became leaders in the development of 3D modelers.

Spalter discusses many issues with rendering 3D graphics. In the section on surface reflection properties she explains two types of refection properties diffuse and specular, diffuse being dull/matte surface reflection and specular which is a mirror-like reflection. Texture mapping is another concept that is covered and it is said to be more than just the wrapping of a texture around an object. Textures can also, “be stretched or tiled over the entire model, and it can be scaled and rotated” (Spalter, pg. 262). Lighting elements of rendering are also covered which include ambient lighting, when light is equally distributed on all of the surfaces coming from no specific direction; point sources, light from a point in all directions creating light and dark spots; spotlight, when light from other angles is blocked. Environment mapping is also discussed, radiosity, a lighting model that deals with the physics of lighting surface interactions deal with lighting a scenes objects. Form factors are then calculated and lighting calculations are run then the scene can be viewed interactively.

These authors present their information on rendering as being an important tool for interior architecture. Novitski’s articles focus on how models and animations can give the user the capability to see full views of photorealistic images of their products or spaces. And with the development of new kinds of interfaces it encourages artists and architects to work on collaborative projects which expand the knowledge base of people in the field. Spalter covers many aspects of rendering that are important to the field of interior architecture. Aspects of rendering such as lighting conditions and environment mapping are important to the creation of realistic images. The simulation of lighting conditions can aid in determining window positioning or determine interior lighting placement and environment mapping can determine the effects of mirroring on an object.

Rendering is important to the field of architecture or product design mainly for the reason of production. Rendering allows for the designer to view, in context and simulated material, what the outcome will look like which can determine the alteration of materials of structure of a design. Spalter states, “with rendering techniques such as radiosity and ray tracing and effects such as fog, computer-based models today can be so realistic that the viewer cannot determine whether the resulting 2D image is a real or synthetic photography” (pg. 289). I believe that the future of rendering is now, with the advancements in current techniques, there are many instances where there is a fine line between reality and a rendered image. Although this process is usually only achievable by the seasoned professional, I believe there will be a time when anyone, with the simplest software will be able to accomplish these same kinds of images.

Novitski, B. (2000). Once and Future Graphics Pioneer. Architecture Week. Retrieved February 9, 2011, from http://www.architectureweek.com/2000/0913/tools_1-2.html

Novitski, B. (2000). Once and Future Graphics Pioneer, Part II. Architecture Week. Retrieved February 9, 2011, from http://www.architectureweek.com/2000/0920/tools_1-1.html

"Rendering 3D worlds - 3D Geometric Graphics II" by Anne Spalter, Addison Wesley Longman Inc. 1999, pp 257-293.

Research Topic Proposal

images courtesy of: http://www.dexigner.com/news/21995

Introduction/ Project Description:

This study focuses on the benefits of 3D rendering and animation with the Autodesk software 3ds Max. Through applying this software to my designs it will enable a clearer understanding of how the user can interact with the product. Currently the state of animation covers a range of different areas in the market, and it is not strictly centered on cartoons, “even the most realistic movies call on animations to simulate an ungettable shot or to make a moment just a smidge more perfect” (Brady, 2006).

Method:

There is the assumption that through introducing 3D animation to one of my designs it will communicate user interaction. But there are some possible constraints in implementation; these can include computing power, time to learn the software, and communicating how the user can interact through animation. In terms of computing power there may be a problem with the size of the file that is being loaded into the program. The larger and more complex the file size, the slower it will run, therefore there is the possibility that once rendering and animation is introduced, the file may be so large or complex it may have difficulty running properly. There is also an issue of time constrains in which to learn the software. In the time allotted, there is not a lot of time to do an in depth study to efficiently learn all of the capabilities of the software. Another issue with time is also the fact that learning the software is self guided, through tutorials found on Lynda.com and books on the subject. There will be a limited availability for help when troubleshooting problems that are encountered through the process. Lastly there are limitations in the software which can possibly keep the user from understanding their interaction with the product.

The tools that will be used to create and implement the design, rendering and animation of this project will include 3ds Max or Rhino for the design process and 3ds Max for the rendering and animation.

Results/ Outcome:

The results of this study will be a fully interactive system that shows different iterations of configurations as controlled by the user.

References:

Brady, M. (2006, March). Wired 14.03: How Digital Animation Conquered Hollywood. Wired. Retrieved February 7, 2011, from http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/14.03/animation.html

Week 4 Readings

I found the article about 3D printing a very informative overview of the printing capabilities that are available today. The definitions of the common terms for the processes and different types of 3D printing systems were also helpful, especially since many of the internships that I have investigated were interested in things such as rapid prototyping, “the rapid creation of a part that may not have the accuracy or durability necessary in final applications” (pg. 317). This article also brought to my attention that there were other forms of printing other than just 3-D Printing.

Josephine Minutillo’s article provided some interesting information on CNC machines that I was not aware of such as being “originally developed for the aerospace industry” (pg. 1). The investigation into Belzberg’s “tornado” was also a great case study considering that it relates very closely to what I researching for my thesis. The panels that are intumescent painted plywood, which is used as an acoustic element that also lures visitors up a stairwell to a dance floor where the panels morph into a flower shape.

Doscher’s article discusses the other uses of 3D printers, creating models. It shows that it isn’t as easy as sending information to the printer; the models require other work after their printing, “20 percent of out models need touching up” (pg. 2). But much of the finishing of models is dependent upon ones preference, whether it is primed in epoxy or plated in a copper or nickel bath.

Much of what Minutillo and Doscher speak of in their articles is presented for being used for interior architecture. The use of CNC in the installation of the “tornado” shows the direct application of the uses of types of printing machines. Also, in terms of model making, it is evident that these systems are extremely beneficial in both visual conception and saving time for the design process. The attention to detail that is required to accurately provide information to these machines is also important; “It takes us about a day to prepare a digital model for printing breaking it into appropriate pieces, carving voids into solids to save material, and subtracting parts that will be built manually” (pg.1).

I found much of this information useful in understanding the field of 3D printing in product design and architecture. With the different systems that are available to the industry for product creation it enables the designer to have the ability to see design flaws in post production, which makes the design stronger. Spalter states: “many 3D input devices are not yet available commercially, but this situation will surely change” (pg. 321). In the future I believe that these systems will be more widely used in the creation of art, architecture and product development. The more widely available these types of systems become, the demand for their use will be greater. Therefore the time that was used to create models can instead be spent on designing a better product. Spalter also suggests that the advancements in 3D printing may not only move us past the information age, but into a new age for humankind. Here ideas of manipulating matter, things that are seen in syfi movies, move into possible reality of the future.

On 3D printing: Excerpt from "3D Input and Output" from The Computer in The Visual Arts by Anne Spalter, Addison Wesley Longman Inc. 1999, pp 317-321.

“When the Whole Is Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts” By Josephine Minutillohttp://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=5&C=588&P=1

“Morphosis Prints Models” by Martin Doscherhttp://www.architectureweek.com/2004/0915/tools_2-1.html

SMART case design

Workflow Diagram